Friday 31 December 2010

masa kalah ama lebah!

Dancing Honeybees Use Democratic Process When Selecting a New Home



When honeybees seek a new home, they choose the best site through a democratic process that humans would do well to emulate, according to a Cornell biologist. (Credit: iStockphoto/Irina Tischenko)
ScienceDaily (Sep. 30, 2010) — When honeybees seek a new home, they choose the best site through a democratic process that humans would do well to emulate, according to a Cornell biologist.
In his new book, "Honeybee Democracy," Thomas Seeley, professor of neurobiology and behavior, describes the elaborate decision-making process that honeybees (Apis mellifera) use when they make the life-or-death choice of a new nesting cavity.
When a hive becomes overpopulated, two-thirds of the worker bees and the old queen leave and gather on a nearby branch. Over the next few days, several hundred scout bees search out 10 to 20 potential sites in hollow trees. Meanwhile back at the swarm, each site gets announced with a dance.
"A scout adjusts how long she dances according to the goodness of the site," said Seeley. "She has a built-in ability to judge site quality, and she is honest; if the site is mediocre she won't advertise it strongly."
In turn, other scouts inspect the sites and return to dance for themselves. The best site elicits the most vigorous dances, so its popularity among the scouts grows the fastest. The most popular site is chosen when the number of bees visiting it reaches a critical threshold.
The bee's decision-making process is similar to how neurons work to make decisions in primate brains, Seeley says. In both swarms and brains, no individual bee or neuron has an overview, but with many independent individuals providing different pieces of information the group achieves optimal decision-making. Ants similarly organize themselves to make collective decisions, Seeley said.
"Consistencies like these suggest that there are general principles of organization for building groups far smarter than the smartest individuals in them," Seeley writes.
Humans can learn much about democratic decision-making by looking at bees, Seeley says. If the members of a group have common interests, such as the bees in a swarm, then the keys to good collective decision-making are to ensure the group contains diverse members and an impartial leader -- and conducts open debates.

in bahasa
Dalam buku barunya, "Demokrasi Lebah Madu" Thomas Seeley, profesor neurobiologi dan perilaku menjelaskan proses rumit dalam pengambilan keputusan yang dilakukan oleh lebah madu (Apis mellifera) saat mereka menentukan pilihan hidup-mati mereka yaitu menentukan rongga sarang yang baru

Ketika sebuah sarang menjadi kelebihan penduduk, dua pertiga dari lebah pekerja dan ratu tua pergi dan berkumpul di "cabang" terdekat. Selama beberapa hari berikutnya, beberapa ratus lebah pengintai " scout bee" mencari 10 sampai 20 lokasi potensial di pohon berlubang. Ketika "scout bee" kembali pada koloni setiap situs akan diumumkan dengan cara menari.
"Seekor "scout bee" akan mengatur, seberapa lama ia menari sesuai dengan seberapa baik kondisi lokasi yang telah di intai," ujar Seeley. "Dia memiliki kemampuan untuk menilai kualitas lokasi, dan dia jujur, jika situs ini biasa-biasa saja dia akan meng"iklankan"nya dengan biasa-biasa pula."
Lokasi terbaik memunculkan tarian yang paling kuat, sehingga popularitas(lokasi)nya diantara "scout bee" tumbuh paling cepat. Lokasi yang paling populer dipilih apabila jumlah lebah yang mengunjungi mencapai ambang batas kritis.

" Proses lebah dalam mngambilan keputusan serupa saat neuron bekerja untuk membuat keputusan dalam otak primata, " kata Seeley. Dilihat baik dari koloni dan kemampuan otak, tidak ada individu lebah atau neuron yang memiliki "gambaran umum", tetapi dengan banyak individu yang memberikan bagian informasi yang berbeda, maka koloni akan mendapatkan hasil keputusan yang optimal. "Semut juga mengorganisir diri untuk membuat keputusan kolektif," kata Seeley
"Konsistensi seperti ini menunjukkan bahwa ada prinsip-prinsip umum organisasi untuk membangun sebuah kelompok yang jauh lebih pintar daripada individu paling cerdas di dalamnya," tulis Seeley.

Jika anggota kelompok memiliki kepentingan bersama, seperti lebah dalam koloni. maka kunci terbaik (not just a good key, but a gold key!-red) untuk kelompok tersebut adalah penentuan keputusan secara kolektif. Jika
dikaitkan dengan konteks kehidupan manusia, hakikat manusia sebagai makhluk sosial yang hidup dalam kelompok tentulah wajib meniru proses demokrasi yang dilakukan lebah
"Manusia dapat belajar banyak dalam mengambil keputusan dengan melihat lebah," kata Seeley.
SELAMAT MENIKMATI DEMOKRASI! :)
-Schistocerca gregaria-

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